88 search hits
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Überlegungen und Konzepte eines Produktivitätsindexes für Krankenhäuser
(2011)
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Cornelius P. Tillmann
Ricarda B. Bouncken
- Neben dem moralischen Zwang aus dem Gebot der Menschlichkeit erleben die Dienstleister des Gesundheitsbereiches eine weitere Notwendigkeit der Sicherung hoher Qualität und Produktivität. Geöffnete Märkte, sich wandelnde Rahmenbedingungen wie ein entgeltorientiertes Vergütungssystem und sich dadurch verändernde Marktdynamiken erhöhen den Druck, unter dem Diktat sinkenden Kosten eine gleichbleibende, ja sogar steigende Qualität der medizinischen Versorgung sicherzustellen. Der Produktivität kommt dabei eine entscheidende Rolle zu. Doch nicht die Steigerung eben dieser soll Thema sein; Ziel dieser Abfassung ist vielmehr, eine Einordnung und einen Überblick über Konzepte zur Messung der Produktivität im Krankenhaus zu geben. Dabei wird auf die Herleitung zur Bildung eines Produktivitätsindexes hingearbeitet. Dieser muss sowohl weiche als auch harte Faktoren medizinischer Dienstleistungen erfassen. Das dabei erarbeitete Konzept wird diesem Anspruch insofern gerecht, als dass ein Ansatz formuliert wird, der in der Lage ist, auf theoretische Weise Qualität und Produktivität im Krankenhaus zu operationalisieren und damit mess- und vergleichbar zu machen. Denn erst, wenn Prozesse messbar sind, können sie, z.B. durch ein in- bzw. externes Benchmarking, verglichen werden. Dazu werden Kennzahlen entwickelt, die in einem entsprechenden Index zusammengefasst werden und damit in der Lage sind, umfassend über Qualität und Produktivität eines Prozesses im Krankenhaus Auskunft zu geben. Des Weiteren werden Limitationen des Modells aufgezeigt und Ideen und Ansätze, die der Weiterentwicklung des Konzeptes dienen, diskutiert.
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Women's Life Worlds 'In-Between'
(2011)
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Antje Daniel
Katharina Fink
Lena Kroeker
Jaana Schütze
- This volume of Bayreuth African Studies Working Papers authored and edited by doctoral students of the Bayreuth International Graduate School of African Studies (BIGSAS) represents challenges and (im-)possibilities of reviewing women’s life worlds in Africa. Therewith we revive an old debate: African thinkers opposed Western concepts, searching for a kind of feminism beyond traditional roles and beyond Western feminism, which basically antagonizes women’s subordination due to patriarchy. Thus, if African women have different positions to Western feminism, how do they perceive themselves? To what extent are women expanding their social, political or economic realm? Does this change result in a re-definition of gender roles? How do women in Africa deal with gendered hierarchies and authority? Are there conflicts or ‘in-betweens’ among ‘traditional roles’ and the behavior of women? All these questions surround one core content: women’s life worlds ‘in-between’. ‘In-betweenness’ refers here to a situation when the life worlds of women transform, resulting from social, political, economic or environmental changes or uncertainties. In such a situation women negotiate between conflicting or contradictory assumed norms, roles, social practices or orders. Opportunities for women may change, expand or become limited. For example, women can rethink their roles and behavior, be it temporary or in long term perspectives. Following this view the authors focus on situations of ‘in-betweenness’ of women in different African countries and in diverse realms of life. Literary scholar Samuel Ndogo analyzes the autobiography of an exceptional Kenyan author and activist: Wangari Maathai. The title of her autobiography, Unbowed (2006), already suggests friction between her life trajectory and cultural notions of womanhood. However, the title also shows pride at having withstood opposition, which at the same time contests a society’s readiness to tolerate an exception. Katharina Nambula’s paper shares Ndogo’s perspective of Literature Studies and shows how the female protagonists in Waiting, written by Goretti Kyomuhendo (2007), survive in a politically instable and male dominated society during the reign of Idi Amin in Uganda. Facing the men's inability to sort out the chaos, Kyomuhendo’s female characters temporarily deploy their hidden strengths to resume some order. As soon as men re-enter their former positions though, gender relations are back to normal. Other aspects of uncertainty and how women deal with it are discussed by Serah Kiragu. With regard to global climate change, Kiragu assesses changes in women’s livelihoods in semi arid Kenya. She describes the women’s recent difficulties and how they are coping with a changing environmental situation. This approach vividly illustrates that a notion of women as passive victims does not hold. Young rural women in Northern Ghana change their social sphere altogether – at least temporarily. In his anthropological article, Christian Ungruhe describes how a whole generation of young girls move out from their rural homes to urban centers. They become actively involved in labor migration and therewith experience economic independence in an attempt to generate their dowry, acquire modern assets, and consummate relationships. Although the journey marks a temporary phase in the women’s lives, it is an important experience which they can bring to their future rural lives and a permanent phenomenon in women’s biographies in West Africa. In contrast, women in Lesotho participate in wage labor on a permanent basis. Lena Kroeker illustrates in a historic and ethnographic overview why Lesotho ranks 8th in the Global Gender Gap Index 2010 and how women’s high level of participation did not change but merely separated gender and generations. Various civil society representatives met at the World Social Forum with the aim of creating a more equal and just world. Antje Daniel portraits the strategies and main features of Brazilian and Kenyan women’s organizations and explains how characteristics of women’s organizations in the national context determine transnational activism within the space of the World Social Forum. All contributions not only illustrate contemporary life worlds of women but depict processes of change within them from the perspectives of African Literature, Geography, Anthropology and Sociology. The articles in this first issue of BIGSASworks! from a broad spectrum of disciplines provide fresh and original perspectives on an evergreen debate as well as unique empirical material.
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Von partikulären Bausteinen zu suprakolloidalen Strukturen finiter Größe
(2011)
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Claudia Simone Wagner
- Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden unter Zuhilfenahme von Templaten komplexe kolloidale Strukturen aufgebaut. Die Herstellung von kolloidalen Clustern, Hybridclustern und nanoporösen Kapseln wurde in Verknüpfung mit theoretischer Modellierung erforscht, um komplexe Bausteine für die Mesotechnologie zur Verfügung zu stellen. Zu diesem Zweck wurden gezielt größere Mengen kolloidaler Cluster hergestellt, wobei erstmals eine Gesamtgröße der Aggregate unter 300 nm erzielt werden konnte. Cluster dieser Größe sind auf Grund der Brownschen Teilchenbewegung stabilisiert, welche der Sedimentation der Cluster entgegenwirkt. Die Clusterherstellung erfolgte durch eine kontrollierte Aggregation kolloidaler Polymer-Bausteine. Dabei wurden Emulsionströpfchen von Öl-in-Wasser-Emulsionen als Template verwendet. Die in derartigen Emulsionen dispergierten Partikel adsorbierten auf Grund des Pickering-Effekts an der Tröpfchenoberfläche. Die Reduktion der Clustergröße wurde durch eine Beschränkung der Primärbausteine auf Polystyrol-Partikel auf Durchmesser kleiner 200 nm und eng verteilte Öltröpfchen im Mikrometerbereich erreicht. Die Tröpfchengrößenverteilung konnte gezielt durch den Einsatz von Ultraschall gesteuert werden. Durch kontrolliertes Verdampfen der Öltröpfchen wurde die Clusterbildung induziert und es kam zu einer Anordnung der Partikel zu Clustern mit definierten Konfigurationen. Durch Zentrifugation in einem Dichtegradienten ließ sich die Suspension in Fraktionen einheitlicher Cluster auftrennen und schließlich mittels rasterelektronischer Aufnahmen definierten Konfigurationen zuordnen. Um in der vorliegenden Dissertation das nächsthöhere Level an Komplexität zu erreichen, wurde das neue Verfahren der Clusterherstellung zur Synthese definierter kolloidaler Hybridcluster eingesetzt, das heißt zum Aufbau von Clustern bestehend aus unterschiedlichen Bausteinen. Zunächst wurden Polystyrol-Cluster nach dem oben beschriebenen Verfahren hergestellt. Diese dienten als Template für eine Adsorption entgegengesetzt geladener anorganischer Nanopartikel auf ihren Oberflächen. Hierbei konnte gezeigt werden, dass ein hoher Bedeckungsgrad der Clusteroberfläche mit Nanopartikeln mit einer Ladungsumkehr verbunden ist und dies die Herstellung stabiler Suspensionen von Hybridclustern ermöglicht, obwohl sich die Polystyrol-Cluster und die Nanopartikel in ihrer Nettoladung unterschieden. Die Charakterisierung der Hybridcluster durch Rasterelektronenmikroskopie ergab, dass das Abscheiden der Nanopartikel zu einer gleichmäßigen, räumlich separierten Verteilung der Nanopartikel auf der Clusteroberfläche führte. Somit eröffnen sich Perspektiven für Hybride mit einer Kontrolle über Form, Zusammensetzung und Oberflächenrauigkeit. Ein weiterer Teil dieser Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit einer Strategie zur Herstellung anisometrischer, nanoporöser Kapseln, sogenannten Nanosomen, bestehend aus einer geschlossenen Monolage von Nanopartikeln. Zur Synthese der Nanosome wurden die Erkenntnisse aus den vorangegangenen Arbeiten genutzt: zum einen können geladene Partikel kontrolliert über die Öl- und die Wasserphase in den Emulsionsschritt eingebracht werden und zum anderen können kolloidale Cluster als Template zur Herstellung von Hybriden dienen. Zuerst wurden negativ geladene anorganische Nanopartikel und positiv geladene Polymerpartikel an der Oberfläche von Emulsionströpfchen vereint. Die Emulgierung erfolgte in Anlehnung an das Verfahren zur Herstellung von kolloidalen Clustern. Die entstandenen Heteroaggregate wurden anschließend mittels Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie untersucht. Dabei zeigte sich, dass diese eine Kern-Schale-Architektur besaßen, wobei definierte Polymercluster als Kern fungierten und die Nanopartikel die Schale bildeten. Eine anschließende Entfernung der inneren Template durch Pyrolyse zeigte nanoporöse Kapseln mit komplexer Gestalt, welche durch die Anzahl der Polymerpartikel pro Tröpfchen bestimmt war. Trotz der Monolage der erhaltenen Nanosome waren alle untersuchten Konfigurationen intakt. Zusätzliche theoretische Modellierung erlaubte ein vertieftes Verständnis der Anordnung der Nanopartikel auf den Clustern und eine Aussage zur Stabilität der Nanosome. Durch deren Komplexität und einer bemerkenswert hohen Dichte an Nanoporen könnten die Nanosome somit Anwendung im Bereich der Biomedizin finden. Zusammenfassend dargestellt präsentiert diese Dissertation die Kombination elementarer Bausteine zu mesoskopischen Designer-Aggregaten höherer Komplexität, gepaart mit einzigartigen optischen und magnetischen Eigenschaften.
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Towards the Governance of Open Distributed Grids - A Case Study in Wireless Mobile Grids
(2011)
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Tina Balke
- New networking technologies such as wireless mobile grids and peer-to-peer middleware are examples of a growing class of open distributed systems whose strength is the absence of a central controlling instance and which function through the cooperation of autonomous entities that voluntarily commit resources to a common pool. The social dilemma in such systems is that it is advantageous for rational users to access the common pool resources without making any commitment of their own. This is commonly known as “free-riding”. However, if a substantial number of users followed this selfish strategy, the system itself would fail, depriving all users of its benefits. In this dissertation, we demonstrate how governance decisions can induce cooperation in such systems and how normative frameworks in combination with multi-agent system simulations can be successfully employed to analyse their effects, even at an early development stage. We show that our approach is not only practical and powerful, but also easily accessible. We demonstrate its functionality by implementing a prototype to explore the impact of enforcement mechanisms on wireless mobile grids, a concept which has been proposed to address the energy issues arising in the next generation of mobile phones and the networks that connect them. We also infer lessons from this example for open distributed systems in general. Simulation experiments quantify the benefits of enforcement mechanisms for wireless mobile grids. We analyse these results with respect to the costs of enforcement as well as further criteria that reflect the interests of the multiple stakeholders in the system. We conclude with some observations on how the lessons learned from both process and outcomes may be applicable to the broader context of open distributed systems. In particular, we highlight (i) the use of simulation using intelligent agents and a normative framework as a means for in silico exploration of complex systems for both business and technological objectives, and (ii) the insight offered into a range of enforcement mechanisms and a better understanding of the conditions and constraints under which they are applicable.
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Tibet Plateau Atmosphere-Ecology-Glaciology Cluster Joint Kobresia Ecosystem Experiment: Documentation of the first Intensive Observation Period Summer 2010 in Kema, Tibet
(2011)
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Tobias Biermann
Thomas Leipold
- no abstract
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Thematic Unity Across a Video Game Series
(2011)
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Jason Brame
- Composer Koji Kondo’s music for both Super Mario Bros. (Nintendo, 1984) and The Legend of Zelda (Nintendo, 1986) is among the most recognized video game music ever written. Through the use of motivic and prolongational analysis, this article demonstrates how Kondo created a unity across the entire Zelda franchise, while making each game’s score unique by examining one musical element, the overworld theme, from each of the main entries in the Zelda series. Schenkerian analysis is used to identify structural and motivic relationships between the various themes. This article concludes with an examination of semiotic implications of this analysis and its impact on other aspects of the Zelda series and game music analysis as a whole.
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The Surface Charge of Soft and Hard Sphere Colloidal Particles - Experimental Investigation and Comparison to Theory
(2011)
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Christian Schneider
- The focus of this thesis was aimed at the investigation of colloidal particle stability. In a first step we established a method to assess the repulsive interaction energy of dispersed colloids based on the measurement of the rate of slow coagulation with light scattering. Due to an energy resolution in the order of magnitude of the thermal energy, the method was termed microsurface potential measurements (MSPM). We then used the MSPM to measure the potential at the outer Helmholtz plane (oHp), the diffuse potential, which determines the electric double layer of surface charged colloidal particles. The MSPM were performed on anionic particles in the presence of di- and trivalent counterions as a function of the bulk electrolyte concentration. We found that the the diffuse potential does only weakly depend on the magnesium but strongly on the lanthanum ion concentration. In both cases the absolute value of the the diffuse potential decreases with increasing electrolyte concentration. The absolute values of the the diffuse potential are always lower for the trivalent counterions as compared to the divalent results. To supplement the results of the MSPM, we measured the zeta-potential of the particles under similar conditions. Here we detected charge reversal in the experiments with the di- and trivalent counterions. In the salt concentration range of the MSPM the zeta-potential and the the diffuse potential were closely related for both ion species but could not be described by Poisson-Boltzmann based models. In the case of the trivalent counterions, we could experimentally verify the strong influence of counterion adsorption in the destabilization of the surface charged colloids. Furthermore, we showed that the zeta-potential is not suited for calculating the particle stability in the experiments involving trivalent counterions and found strong experimental indications for counterion correlations. We also used MSPM to investigate an anionic SPB in the presence of trivalent counterions. For this purpose we measured the interaction force of two planar polyelectrolyte brush layers across an aqueous medium containing trivalent counterions with the surface forces apparatus. We found that steric repulsion does not occur. The repulsion only arises from residual charges inside the brush layers. From the resulting force curves we were able to deduce an interaction profile of SPB particles in aqueous solution containing multivalent counterions. Thus, we were able to measure the effective repulsive energy of SPB particles using MSPM with an accuracy of the thermal energy. Due to the increase of confined lanthanum counterions in the brush layer the electrostatic repulsion decreased with rising lanthanum concentration. Furthermore, the experimental results were well predicted by a mean-field model. For the first time, we described the means to measure and predict the repulsive energies of SPB particles in aqueous solution in the presence of multivalent counterions. In a next step we refined the theoretical basis of the MSPM and expanded the electrolyte concentration range of the stability experiments. We also measured the form factors of the SPB doublets and found pronounced deviations between the data points and the predictions of the Rayleigh-Debye approximation. We showed that the MSPM are now accurate enough to measure the effective charges per SPB particle with a sub millimolar concentration resolution. Furthermore, we used the mean-field model to predict the particle stability and the effective charge per SPB particle. In both cases we found the deviations between the experimental data and the model to be within an error margin of 20%. Therefore we predicted the particle stability of SPBs in aqueous solution for the first time. In conclusion, this thesis provides a deeper insight into the mechanisms of particle stability and coagulation of electrostatically and electrosterically stabilized dispersions. It offers a new method to investigate the repulsive interactions between colloidal particles which is applicable to a wide variety of colloidal systems. Moreover, we made the first steps toward a more complete understanding of the stability of SPB particles, which is important for potential industrial applications of these kind of systems.
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The role of life history traits for coexistence and forest recovery after disturbance – a modelling perspective. Towards a better understanding of species-rich forests
(2011)
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Claudia Dislich
- Tropical forests are well known for their exceptional species richness – high diversity of plant species constitutes the basis for an equivalently rich fauna. An astonishing variety of plant life strategies has evolved, manifesting itself also in different compositions of life history traits in trees. This thesis investigates the role of tree life history traits (growth, mortality and recruitment) on different processes structuring species-rich forests. Our study system is a montane rainforest located in the Tropical Andes hotspot of biodiversity in southern Ecuador. Here, we find a mosaic of steep ridges and deeply incised valleys, covered with predominantly broadleaf forest. Forest structure and species composition differ considerably depending on altitude and topographic position. The forest cover is frequently interrupted by scars of landslides, which constitute an important type of natural disturbance in this ecosystem. We utilize ecological models as tools to gain deeper insights into key processes driving the maintenance of tree species richness and affecting forest recovery after landslides. The first part of this thesis concerns the question of species coexistence. We develop a theoretical model to analyze how different trade-offs between life history traits (tree growth, seed dispersal, tree mortality) affect tree species coexistence. We find that the considered trade-offs alone are not sufficient to explain long-term species coexistence. Additional 'stabilizing' mechanisms seem to be indispensable to facilitate coexistence in species-rich forests. Such mechanisms could result from biotic interactions that alter the relation between inter- and intra-specific competition depending on (local) species abundances (e.g. density-dependent mortality). Other possible coexistence mechanisms likely to be relevant to our particular study system are driven by external, abiotic factors like a complex topography resulting in locally differing habitat types (each supporting a different set of species), or the character of a prevailing disturbance regime (e.g. shallow landslides). In the second part of the thesis, we investigate the growth dynamics of the ridge forest in our study system. To this end, we utilize the process-based forest growth model FORMIND. We show that after calibration, the model successfully reproduces forest dynamics on different levels of complexity (e.g. basal area and stem size distribution). We then use this forest model to investigate the influence of landslide disturbances on forest dynamics both on the local scale of a single landslide and on the landscape scale. On landslide sites, changes in environmental conditions might lead to changes in different tree life history traits. We analyze scenarios with changes in different traits (tree recruitment, tree growth, tree mortality) and find that while tree biomass can recover within the first hundred years after a landslide, the time until forest structure and species composition is restored is considerably longer (approximately 200 years). Changes in different traits result in differing spatial distributions of tree biomass: reduced tree growth leads to a more homogeneous distribution of biomass, whereas reduced recruitment and increased mortality yield a more heterogeneous biomass distribution ('patchy' vegetation). On the landscape level, overall forest biomass is substantially reduced by landslides (8-14%), compared to only 2-3% of the area marked by visible traces of landslides. Thus this particular type of disturbance considerably influences the total forest carbon balance. In a complementary investigation we study abiotic and biotic factors that potentially trigger landslide occurrence in our study system. For this, we develop an extension of a standard physically-based model of slope stability. We find that due to the predominantly shallow tree roots, some of the observed landslides might be triggered by the vegetation itself. This thesis demonstrates that ecological models are useful tools to gain deeper insights into important processes shaping forest communities. They can be applied for theoretical questions such as the question of species coexistence, as well as for more applied, management related questions like predicting forest recovery after disturbances.
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The Effects of Project Management Mechanisms on Innovation Performance in Hi-Tech Firms: Mediation of Teamwork Processes and Moderating Effects of Different Team Members’ Cultural Values
(2011)
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Aim-Orn Imcharoen
- High tech firms increasingly form innovation projects composed of team members with different cultural backgrounds to respond to their customers’ needs. Prior studies have regarded these cross cultural innovation projects as an important instrument for developing innovative products, yet little effort has been investigated on the issue of the effect of project management mechanisms (autonomy and control) on these projects and the impacts of team members’ cultural backgrounds on different project management mechanisms. Moreover, prior studies have neglected to bridge the gap between the effect of these project management mechanisms on communication and coordination of teamwork processes. Therefore, this study aims to fulfill the gaps in project management and cross cultural study by exploring the effects of different project management mechanisms on several types of innovation performance. In particular, it examines the relationships of these project management mechanisms on innovation performance mediated by the teamwork processes and moderated by the different backgrounds of team members represented by their cultural values. Structural equation modelling was used to test all hypotheses from 434 new product development project team members. The results indicated that control mechanisms had stronger effects on innovation performance than providing autonomy. Additionally, the study showed that all project management mechanisms (autonomy and control mechanisms) had indirect effects on radical innovation and project efficiency through communication and coordination. However, these control mechanisms had indirect impacts on incremental innovation only through coordination but not communication. Importantly, this study revealed that control mechanisms could apply to the team members with different cultural backgrounds in encouraging higher innovation performance. In order to enhance higher innovation performance, the suggestions to apply the appropriate project management mechanisms to their team members with different cultural backgrounds are provided.
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The carbon speciation in the Earth’s interior as function of pressure, temperature and oxygen fugacity
(2011)
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Vincenzo Stagno
- The redox state of the Earth’s interior will influence the speciation of volatile elements both in the mantle and in mantle derived magmas. Carbon is one of the principal elements to be affected in this way because under reducing conditions it forms graphite or diamond, and under oxidizing conditions carbonate (or CO2-bearing) minerals and melts. The cycling and residence time of carbon in the mantle can be strongly effected by the oxygen fugacity because reduced phases such as diamond and graphite are immobile and likely to remain within the mantle and potentially within subducting slabs, while at more oxidizing conditions CO2-rich fluids or melts can migrate and escape from the interior. The carbon cycle in the Earth may therefore depend on the redox state of mantle rocks. Conversely, an influx of CO2-rich fluids or melts may act to oxidize the mantle as an additional aspect of metasomatism. In the first part of this study experiments were performed to measure the oxygen fugacity at which carbon (graphite or diamond) oxidises to carbonate minerals or melts within mantle peridotite assemblages between 2.5 and 11 GPa at 1100-1600 °C. The experiments were performed up to temperatures where carbonate melts evolve towards more silicate-rich compositions. The dilution of the carbonate melt component was found to lower the relative fo2, expanding the melt stability field with respect to reduced carbon. The results allow the fo2 of the diamond formation process to be determined both as a function of pressure, temperature and melt CO2 concentration. These results also have implications for the onset of melting within up welling mantle material. Several studies have indicated that the mantle may become more reduced with depth. This means that the oxidation of elemental carbon (graphite or diamond) may occur in up welling rocks where the oxidized product is a carbonate bearing magma. When the experimental data are compared with current estimates for the fo2 of mantle rocks the implication is that peridotitic mantle will remain in the diamond stability field up to at least 100-150 km depth. Only at depths shallower than 150 km would Fe3+ in mantle silicates react with graphite to produce carbonate rich melts in a redox melting process. Redox melting should limit the depth interval over which carbonate-rich melts can form beneath ridges. Further experiments were performed to determine the fo2 at which diamond oxidises to carbonate in the transition zone and lower mantle. Experiments at 45 GPa were performed using the MADONNA D-DIA (1500 tons) apparatus with sintered diamond anvils installed at the Geodynamics Research Centre, Ehime University in Japan. The measured oxygen fugacity was found to be approximately 3 log units above the iron-wüstite oxygen buffer (deltaIW+3). As the oxygen fugacity of the transition zone and lower mantle is most likely at or below the IW buffer this confines the stability of solid carbonate to the upper mantle or to unusually oxidized regions of the deeper mantle. The oxygen fugacity at which magnesite and diamond coexist showed a slight decrease with pressure, however, implying the possibility that magnesite may become the stable host for carbon at the very base of the lower mantle. The oxygen fugacity at which mantle xenoliths equilibrated can be determined using oxy-thermobarometry equilibria. For garnet-peridotite rocks the only calibrated and tested oxy-barometer employs the equilibrium, 2Fe3Fe23+Si3O12 = 4Fe2SiO4 + 2FeSiO3 + O2 Garnet Olivine Orthopyroxene In the final section of this thesis Fe3+/ΣFe ratios of garnets produced in a peridotite assemblage in equilibrium with carbon and carbonate melts were measured between 3 and 7 GPa. The oxygen fugacity in these experiments was also constrained, which allowed a test of this widely used oxy-barometer to be made at pressures much higher than previously performed. The results indicate that the pressure dependence of this oxy-barometer may be in error and a preliminary recalibration implies that cratonic lithosphere may not be as reduced as previously considered.
