4 search hits
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Selbstorganisation von Nanopartikeln an flüssigen Grenzflächen
(2008)
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Sergey Kutuzov
- Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wird eine umfangreiche Untersuchung der Selbstorganisation von Nanopartikeln als Folge ihrer spontanen Adsorption an flüssigen Grenzflächen vorgestellt. Die hier vorgelegten experimentellen und theoretischen Studien betreffen nicht nur den kinetischen Ablauf der Adsorption von Nanoteilchen unter Berücksichtigung aller darauf wirkenden Parameter, sondern auch die Organisation von Nanoteilchen an der flüssigen Grenzfläche im Hinblick auf die innere Struktur der gebildeten nanopartikulären Filme und ihrer mechanischen Eigenschaften. Die dadurch gewonnenen Erkenntnisse bilden daher eine wissenschaftliche Basis für vielversprechende praktische Anwendungen der Selbstorganisation (bzw. spontanen Adsorption) von Nanoteilchen in der Industrie. Die hier verwendeten Nanopartikel zeigen einen Kern-Schale-Aufbau, wobei der Kern aus Cadmiumselenid (CdSe) betshet und die Schale aus organischen Molekülen (TOPO) gebildet wird, die zur Strabilisierung der Partikel in Lösung beitragen. Hauptsächlich wurden kugelförmige Nanoteilchen mit drei verschiedenen Kern-Durchmessern verwendet: 2,3 nm, 4,6 nm und 6,0 nm. Außerdem wurde das Selbstorganisationsverhalten von stäbchenförmigen Nanopartikeln sowie die Entstehung von nanopartikulären Filmen untersucht. Die Abmessungen der Nanostäbchen betragen: (7 x 30) nm, (4 x 34) nm und (4 x 25) nm. Zur Untersuchung der Adsorption wurden Toluol/Wasser-, oder Luft/Wasser-Grenzflächen erzeugt. Aus der Arbeit ergeben sich folgende Erkenntnisse: 1) die Anlagerung von Nanopartikeln an der flüssigen Grenzfläche hat eine sofortige Minimierung ihrer Gibbschen freier Energie zufolge. Bei Raumtemperatur erfolgt daher die Adsorption von Nanoteilchen spontan. 2) die allgemeinen Vorstellungen über den zeitlichen Ablauf der Adsorption, ursprünglich vorgeschlagen von A. F. H. Ward und L. Tordai für die Adsorption von amphiphilen Molekülen an flüssigen Grenzflächen, haben sich in dieser Arbeit auch bei der Beschreibung des Adsorptionsverhaltens von Nanoteilchen an flüssigen Grenzflächen als richtig erwiesen. 3) die Adsorption verläuft gemäss dem lokalisierten Modell nach Langmuir 4) im Laufe der Adsorption entsteht eine Monolage eines nanopartikuläreren Films 5) aufgrund der anziehenden interpartikulären Kräfte bilden sich von Beginn der Adsorption Nanopartikel-Aggregate an der flüssigen Grenzfläche. Die Größe und die innere Symmetrie der Aggregate hängen von der Größe und Form der verwendeten Nanopartikel ab. Dicht adsorbierte Nanopartikel weisen klare filmbildende Eigenschaften auf und sind zur Herstellung von ultradünnen nanopartikulären Membranen geeignet.
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Synthesis and Characterization of immobilized Gold Nanoparticles and Binary Gold Nanoalloys on Cationic Spherical Polyelectrolyte Brushes and their Application as a Catalyst
(2008)
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Marc Claudius Schrinner
- First of all the up scaled synthesis for cationic and anionic spherical polyelectrolyte brushes (SPB) was introduced and a reproducible method for the synthesis was established (Chapter 3.1). For a better understanding of anionic SPB the complexation of the anionic polyelectrolyte chains with the cationic surfactant cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide was studied in detail. The models were proved by cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS), if it’s in good agreement with the resulting systems (Chapter 3.2). It was possible to show, that cationic SPB could be used for the generation of gold nanoparticles (Chapter 3.3). The synthesized carrier systems were characterized in detail by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), cryo-TEM and disc centrifuge (DCP). The more detail examination of the Au/SPB system by DLS, TEM/cryo-TEM, showed that a reversible immobilization system for gold nanoparticles was synthesized. The immobilized gold nanoparticles@SPB could be complexed by cyanid ions and oxygen. After the complexation of the gold nanoparticles we get the previous carrier system back. Detailed studies by wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) show an amorphous morphology of the gold nanoparticles in the range of 1 nm. This kind of generation allow us to generate gold nanoparticles in the range of 1.0 and 2.5 nm on the surface of the carrier particle. In the following part of the thesis the concepts described above were used for the synthesis of binary gold nanoalloys (Chapter 3.4 and 3.6). The binary systems Au-Pt, Au-Ru, Au-Rh and Au-Ir were sucessfully generated. In the next step the nanoparticular structure of these binary systems were completely clarified by different HR-TEM methods and WAXS. It was shown, that there is a different behaviour between macroscopic and nanoscopic world. Bulk Au-Pt alloys show miscibility gaps, whereas Au-Pt nanoalloys have no such miscibility gap. This alloy obeys the Vegard’s law. For the generation of facetted Pt nanocrystals (Chapter 3.5), the complexation of gold atoms by cyanid ions and oxygen is used. By this way it’s possible to synthesize well-ordered PtNP structures starting from the Au-Pt nanoalloy. In the second part of the thesis the immobilized gold nanoparticles and the binary gold nanoalloys applied as catalysts for industrial interesting oxidation reactions of alcohols and epoxidation reactions (Chapter 3.4 and 3.6) were studied. All reactions could be conducted at room temperature and in water as reaction media. The catalytic activities have a strong dependency on the composition in the nanoalloy. Cryo-TEM characterization showed us no change of the morphology of the catalyst before and after a catalyst cyclus. Concluding this thesis showed successfully a new route for the synthesis of monodispers and well defined gold nanoparticles, gold nanoalloys and facetted platinum nanocrystals. The particle sizes ranges between 1.0 and 7.0 nm. All systems can be used as green catalysts. This is an important point in the discussion of sustainability. All dispersions are not light and air sensitive, so they can be handled without any problems.
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Smart organic-inorganic nanohybrids of functionalized silsesquioxane nanoparticles
(2008)
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Manuela Schumacher
- The formation and characterization of smart organic-inorganic nanohybrids was studied. The inorganic part was formed by N,N-di(2,3-di¬hydroxy¬propyl)¬3-amino¬propyl¬functional silsesquioxane nanoparticles being highly functionalized with ca. 14 tertiary amino groups per particles, each amino group bearing four hydroxyl groups. Two different polymer systems were used for the organic side: amphiphilic block copolymer micelles of poly(n-butyl acrylate)-block-poly(acrylic acid) and star-shaped poly(acrylic acid)s, the latter serving as a model system for frozen micelles. In all cases the mixing of aqueous solutions of anionic block copolymer micelles or the anionic stars with solutions of the silsesquioxane nanoparticles led to the easy and straightforward formation of organic-inorganic nanohybrids. The structure of the complex nanohybrids depends on pH and salinity. The amount of incorporated silsesquioxane nanoparticles within the micelles or the stars under varying external stimuli was determined using a large number of methods. Complexation preserved the original size of the micelles - consisting of a PnBA core and a PAA corona - according to dynamic light scattering and static light scattering as well as light scattering titration measurements and asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation experiments. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and dialysis measurements with fluorescently labelled silsesquioxane nanoparticles confirmed the nanohybrid formation over a relatively wide range in pH. Cryogenic transmission electron microscopy micrographs indicated a core-shell structure of the nanohybrids with gradual decreasing density of silsesquioxane nanoparticles. LS titrations gave an insight in the postulated interaction mechanism. Complexation in acidic media is driven by hydrogen-bonding and ionic interaction; in alkaline media nanohybrids are mainly formed due to ionic interaction. Depending on ionic strength, attractive Coulomb interactions may be either sufficient to promote complexation even at high pH, where hydrogen-bonding is absent (low ionic strength), or are screened (high ionic strength), resulting in less favourable interactions between micelles and silsesquioxane nanoparticles. The reason for the size conservation is most probably due to the kinetically frozen micellar core and the compensation of increased steric repulsion due to complexation and attractive interactions between the silsesquioxane nanoparticle and the charged PAA. The maximum of the interaction at 0.1 M NaCl could be deduced to be in the range 3.5 < pH < 7.5 NaCl. At low salinity (0.01 M NaCl) more nanoparticles were incorporated within the micelles. Nanohybrids exist even up to very basic conditions (pH < 9.5). The responsiveness of the system on pH and salinity as external stimuli was demonstrated by LS titration, dialysis and FT-IR measurements, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and AFFFF measurements. Quantifying the amount of nanoparticles incorporated in the micelles turns out to be a arduous task. SLS of dialysed and undialysed samples and AFFFF of undialysed samples clearly showed increased molecular weights of the formed nanohybrids. TGA - requiring an exhaustive dialysis procedure prior to the measurements - provided information about the amount of incorporated silsesquioxane nanoparticles within the micelles. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) provided the possibility to investigate the complexation mechanism in greater detail. Small angle neutron scattering (SANS) experiments, conducted at basic conditions, provided information on the inner structure of the nanohybrids. A newly developed fitting model enabled the quantification of the amount of interacting nanoparticles under these conditions. All methods to determine the amount of nanoparticles incorporated within the micelles sustained the formation of the organic-inorganic nanohybrids. The absolute number of nanoparticles per micelle is quite high (in the range from 160 to 4300, depending on the used method and conditions), however, the calculated numbers of nanoparticles per acrylic acid unit are quite low (in the range from 0.002 to 0.053). The stars showed behaviour comparable to that of the micelles. According to DLS and SANS experiments their size was preserved during complexation. SANS and LS titration measurements demonstrated the increased mass of the nanohybrid stars compared to the net stars. Cryo-TEM micrographs confirmed the formation of organic-inorganic nanohybrid stars, indicating a morphology with gradually decreasing density of nanoparticles. An appropriate fitting model for the SANS data for this challenging system was developed that proved the interaction between the silsesquioxane nanoparticles and the PAA and enabled the calculation of the amount of entrapped silsesquioxane nanoparticles within one star. The determined values were comparable to the ones calculated for the micellar nanohybrids.
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Functional Cylindrical Polymer Brushes and Their Hybrids with Inorganic Nanoparticles
(2008)
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Youyong Xu
- Various cylindrical polymer brushes were synthesized via a grafting-from strategy. Very long poly(2-hydroxylethyl methacrylate) backbones of the brushes were prepared by anionic polymerization (DPn=1500), esterified with an ATRP initiator, and subsequently the side-chains were grafted by atom transfer radical polymerizations (ATRP). Cylindrical brushes with different architectures, such as brushes of single component, double-grafted brushes and core-shell brushes, were built according to the need of applications. A number of functional monomers were involved in the preparations of the brushes, providing possibilities for further functionalizations and uses. Nano-hybrids comprising organic cylindrical brushes and inorganic nanoparticles such as magnetite and polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) were fabricated through non-covalent inclusion and covalent attachment respectively. Double-grafted poly(lauryl methacrylate) brushes carry side-chains containing dodecyl short grafts. The long alkyl chains provided good solubility in hydro-carbon solvents like n-hexane and paraffin oil. DSC measurements revealed that they undergo side-chain crystallizations. Grafting of N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) to the macro-initiator by ATRP yielded weak polyelectrolyte cylindrical brushes. They showed responsiveness to pH and salinity in solution. Strong cationic polyelectrolyte brushes were obtained by further quaternization of the PDMAEMA brushes. Their responses to counterions of different valencies were investigated. The addition of a sufficient amount of mono-valent salt induced the collapse of these brushes. When di- and tri-valent counterions were added, helical transition morphologies were recorded before the brushes collapsed into sphere-like structures. Special trivalent counterions, which can change valency through photo-aquation reactions, allowed switching the morphologies of the cationic brushes from worms to globules and back to worms. The morphologies of the cationic brushes could also be tuned by forming ionic complexes with the anionic surfactant sodium dedecyl sulfonate (SDS) and supramolecular inclusion complexes between cyclodextrins (CDs) and SDS. The brushes underwent transitions from worms, over pearl-necklace structures to totally collapsed spheres when SDS was added. Introducing alpha- or beta-cyclodextrins could bring the collapsed spheres back to worms. Adamantyl ammonium chloride, a more competitive inclusion agent, deprived SDS of CDs, and re-induced the spherical collapse of the brushes. The morphologies of the cationic brushes could be regulated in a similar way by forming inter-polyelectrolyte complexes (IPECs) with anionic linear poly(sodium styrene sulfonate) (PSS) in highly diluted solutions. Worm-to-sphere switching with helix-like transition states was also observed. A new strategy for the direct preparation of strong anionic polyelectrolyte cylindrical brushes without protection was introduced by forming supramolecular complexes between the monomer potassium sulfopropyl methacrylate (SPMA) and crown ether 18-crown-6 in DMSO using ATRP for the grafting-from processes. Well-defined worm-like morphologies were proven by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and cryogenic transmission microscopy (cryo-TEM). Water soluble double-hydrophilic core-shell cylindrical brushes were prepared and showed pH responsiveness. Magnetic hybrid cylinders were formed by introducing magnetite nanoparticles into the core. They could be aligned on a large scale on the substrates by applying magnetic fields. Finally, single-molecular hybrid cylinders were created by covalently attaching thiol-functionalized polyhedral oligomeric silsequioxane (POSS) to poly(glycidyl methacrylate) brushes. Their pyrolysis in air resulted in porous silica materials.
