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Novel Precursors for Polymer-Protein-Conjugate Synthesis via Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer Polymerization
(2003)
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Christine Maria Schilli
- The RAFT polymerization of N-isopropylacrylamide with two different chain transfer agents, namely benzyl 1-pyrrolecarbodithioate and cumyl 1-pyrrolecarbodithioate, yielded polymers with narrow molecular weight distributions as well as Mn values that were in good agreement with the calculated ones. A comparison between the Mn values determined from gel permeation chromatography, GPC, and the values from MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry showed that the molecular weights obtained from GPC using polystyrene standards were considerably higher. A relation between log Mn,MALDI and log Mn,GPC was established, which permitted construction of a calibration curve for PNIPAAm polymers. In-situ Fourier-transform near-infrared spectroscopy was applied for the reliable determination of monomer conversions and it indicated living characteristics. Both polymerization processes showed an induction period that seems to be correlated with a retardation in rate, where the induction time is higher for the cumyl chain transfer agent as compared to the benzyl chain transfer agent of the same concentration. The induction periods decrease with decreasing transfer agent concentration and were explained in terms of the different stabilities of the respective radicals that add to monomer in the reinitiation step. The more stable cumyl radical adds slower than the benzyl radical. Both UV spectroscopy and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry confirm the presence of the expected dithiocarbamate endgroups. MALDI-TOF characterization of the polymer samples showed the transfer agent endgroups together with some initiator-derived polymers. Endgroups that seemed to originate from disproportionation or transfer were the result of fragmentation under MALDI conditions as was shown by a post source decay analysis and MALDI-TOF characterization of the hydrolyzed polymer. With amine-reactive diacetone acrylamide, 2-vinyl-4,4-dimethyl-5-oxazolone and N-hydroxysuccinimide methacrylate, new monomers were polymerized via RAFT in a controlled manner. Poly(diacetone acrylamide) and poly(2-vinyl-4,4-dimethyl-5-oxazolone) showed low polydispersities and good control over molecular weight, where poly(N-hydroxysuccinimide methacrylate) displayed relatively high polydispersities despite the controlled polymerization evident from the monomodal GPC traces. These amine-reactive polymers were subsequently used for successful conjugation to the primary amino group of the model peptide glycine-leucine. For poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-block-poly(acrylic acid), PNIPAAm-b-PAA, it was demonstrated that hydrogen bonding between N-isopropylacrylamide and acrylic acid units influences strongly its behavior in both the solid state and in solution. The block copolymers form micelles in aqueous solutions in dependence of pH and temperature. Cloud point measurements indicated the formation of larger aggregates at pH 4.5 and temperatures above LCST, whereas micelles formed at pH 5-7 and temperatures above LCST. At pH 5.6 and 50 °C, only micelles were found, whereas, at lower temperatures, larger aggregates and micelles coexist. Formation of larger aggregates by hydrogen bonding interactions was revealed by IR and Raman spectroscopy as well as by cryogenic transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. Differential scanning calorimetry yielded glass transition temperatures of PNIPAAm-b-PAA that were well above the transition temperatures of the homopolymers, demonstrating molecular interactions between the acrylic acid and the N-isopropylacrylamide blocks. Conjugation of sulfhydryl-terminated PNIPAAm to thiol disulfide exchange reagents and maleimides was probed for later conjugation to proteins. Evaluation of the different cross-linking systems resulted in the choice of maleimides as cross-linkers for subsequent conjugation to the protein streptavidin. Sulfhydryl-terminated PNIPAAm-b-PAA was conjugated to the streptavidin mutant S139C using a bismaleimide cross-linker and also direct conjugation via disulfide linkage. Both conjugations were successful and proceeded with more than 50 % conversion. Conjugation of PNIPAAm and PNIPAAm-b-PAA was also achieved by non-covalent attachment of the biotinylated polymers to wild-type streptavidin. Conjugates of wild-type streptavidin with biotinylated PNIPAAm-b-PAA were found to remain dissolved at temperatures above LCST even at very low pH values, which was in contrast to the observed precipitation of the unconjugated block copolymer at pH <= 4.5. Conjugates of wild-type streptavidin with biotinylated PNIPAAm of different molecular weights formed aggregates in aqueous solutions above LCST and a dependence of aggregate size on the size of the polymer was found
