Latest documents http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/index/index/ Wed, 22 May 2013 12:03:11 +0200 Wed, 22 May 2013 12:03:11 +0200 http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/1205 The impact of complex terrain on the land-atmosphere exchange is investigated in this thesis. Here, free convection, a very effective vertical transport mechanism as turbulence is predominantly driven by buoyant forces, is explicitly addressed. Recently, it was shown for certain situations over complex terrain that free convective injections of surface layer air masses into the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) can alter the ABL properties significantly. This study aims at the general identification and description of such situations of near-ground free convection conditions (FCCs) over complex terrain. For this purpose, data obtained during the COPS (Convective and Orographically induced Precipitation Study) field campaign in summer 2007 were used. Within this project, several surface flux measurement stations were installed, mainly in valleys and on mountaintops of the Black Forest, southwestern Germany. Turbulent fluxes were calculated with the eddy-covariance (EC) method and were used to detect FCCs with the help of a stability parameter. The flux measurements were further combined with ABL profiling measurements (Sodar/RASS) and a large-eddy simulation (LES) model in order to investigate the impact of FCCs on ABL properties. The effect of complex terrain on the energy balance closure and on spatial and temporal flux differences was also studied with these flux data. FCCs were detected on about 25% of the days during the three month COPS experiment. In situations of weak synoptic forcing, thermally driven orographic (e.g. valley winds) or local wind systems developed over the complex terrain due to heating differences. During the adaption of these wind systems to changing heating differences (e.g. during the reversal of the valley wind from down- to up-valley winds in the morning), the horizontal wind vanished. If, at the same time, the buoyancy flux was positive and enhanced, buoyant forces exceeded the usually prevailing shear forces in the surface layer and FCCs were detected. Moreover, it was demonstrated that FCCs are not restricted to the COPS region. Also, a data set of Nam Co station on the Tibetan Plateau showed FCCs during the reversal of a thermally driven land-lake breeze. However, at this high-altitude site, FCCs were more often detected in the afternoon compared to the COPS region due to the frequent change of heating differences during cloud cover periods. The Sodar/RASS as well as the LES model showed the presence of coherent updraft structures in the developing early-morning convective boundary layer (CBL) in the Kinzig valley (Black Forest) during FCCs. Spectral analysis of the EC data in these situations indicated the existence of large-eddy turbulent scales – typical for thermal updrafts in the CBL – already close to the ground. An ensemble and time mean analysis of the simulated flow field in the valley further confirmed that the Sodar/RASS was located preferably in an updraft region during FCCs. In a CBL over flat homogeneous terrain, the locations of convective structures would occur randomly. However, over the complex orography of the Kinzig valley, the updraft structures were found to develop in quasi-stationary patterns at specific locations relative to the surrounding mountain ridges. The model further showed that the flux through the valley boundary layer is mainly determined by the flux within these coherent updrafts. In combination with the Sodar/RASS observations, the model also showed that these updrafts deeply penetrated into the stably stratified valley boundary layer up to approximately the height of the surrounding mountains leading to an effective upward counter-gradient transport of surface layer air mass properties during FCCs. The analysis of the turbulent fluxes at the different COPS sites showed that the flux values were strongly determined by varying land surface characteristics. Also an increase of the Bowen ratio with increasing altitude could be detected. These findings are in accordance with former studies in this area. As expected, the energy balance was found to be unclosed on average during the entire COPS period, with values of the residual typical for heterogeneous landscapes. However, regarding only the periods with FCCs, no residual occurred on average. This is due to the fact that the landscape heterogeneity is of minor importance in case of the more vertical oriented exchange regime during FCCs, so that missing advective flux components became strongly reduced in these situations. Moreover, it was found that in comparable periods with no FCCs, flux components were missing with exactly the proportions of the buoyancy flux ratio, thus suggesting a correction of the energy balance according to the buoyancy flux ratio approach. These results support recent publications on the energy balance closure problem. Rafael Eigenmann doctoralthesis http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/1205 Wed, 22 May 2013 12:03:11 +0200 http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/1189 Interactions between hydrology and biogeochemistry at various spatio-temporal scales are important control mechanisms within terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and exist among different compartments and transition interfaces. Understanding the fundamental mechanistic couplings between hydrological and biogeochemical processes and how these couplings feed back into ecosystem services and functions is an interdisciplinary challenge that must be addressed especially in the context of humanly mediated climate change. Riparian wetlands, as a transition zone between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, occupy large fractions of terrestrial ecosystems and provide important ecohydrological services. Due to their anoxic environments, riparian wetlands are able to store significant amounts of carbon as peat and act as an effective nutrient sink e.g. for sulfur, phosphorous and nitrogen. Riparian wetlands are characterized by highly dynamical interactions between hydrologically controlled transport mechanisms and biogeochemically controlled substrate availability, which governs nutrient cycling as well as the sink and source functions of wetlands. Generally, these interactions and their potential implications on ecosystem functions are only poorly understood. The representation of the tight couplings between hydrology and biogeochemistry in mechanistic models is a very challenging task because they have revealed a complexity which is often beyond the capabilities of current models. The objective of this thesis is to investigate interactions between hydrology and biogeochemistry in riparian wetlands and to understand their potential implications for internal biogeochemical process distributions and solute mobilization. Additionally, one major focus of the thesis is the attempt to represent such fundamental couplings in a process-based, hydrological/biogeochemical modeling approach. To this end, this thesis uses a combination of field and virtual experiments, as well as catchment-scale numerical modeling, performed for the Lehstenbach catchment, which was exemplarily chosen as main study site. Results from the virtual experiments show very complex small-scale hydrological dynamics within the riparian areas. Here, runoff generation processes are strongly influenced by the spatial structure of the wetland-typical micro-topography (hummocks and hollows). Surface flow is episodically generated by a highly dynamical, threshold-controlled process where extended surface flow networks drain large fractions of the wetland's area. During intensive rainstorm events these surface flow networks, which contribute to stream discharge due to a fill and spill mechanism, dominate runoff generation. These fast flow components are characterized by very low residence times (minutes to hours) and once they are activated, the surface flow networks are able to rapidly mobilize large amounts of solutes, like nitrate or dissolved organic carbon (DOC), out of the wetlands by bypassing deeper anoxic layers. The importance of fast flow components for the catchment-scale mobilization of DOC was further confirmed by field investigations and catchment-scale numerical modeling. High frequency measurements of DOC in runoff of the Lehstenbach catchment revealed that DOC export is subject to substantial short term variations at an hourly to daily timescale. During intense rainstorms, DOC concentrations are up to ten times higher (up to 40 mg/L) compared to low flow conditions (~3-5 mg/L). Short term variations together with the dramatic rise of DOC concentrations in runoff during rainstorms can be explained by the episodically activation of fast flow components in the wetland areas. At the catchment-scale, application of a hydraulic mixing-cell (HMC) methodology in combination with numerical modeling has revealed that fast flow components like saturated overland flow are exclusively generated in the wetland areas during intensive rainstorm events. On an annual basis, exemplarily for the hydrological year 2001, the HMC analysis quantified the relative contribution of saturated overland flow related to the total discharge with 19.5%, which highlights the importance of riparian wetlands for catchment-scale runoff generation. Virtual experiments, additionally show that distinct shifts between surface and subsurface flow dominance, as a result of small-scale micro-topographic driven runoff generation in the wetlands, are responsible for very complex three-dimensional subsurface flow patterns showing a wide range of subsurface residence times. To investigate how these micro-topography induced subsurface flow patterns, together with the non-uniform hydrological and biogeogeochemical boundary conditions, affect the internal re-distribution and transformation of redox-sensitive species (like nitrate, sulfate or iron) a coupled hydrological/biogeogeochemical model was developed. In the model, wetland-typical biogeochemical processes are represented in a sequential stream tube approach where redox-sensitive processes are implemented as kinetic reactions. Simulations show the formation of local hot spots for redox-sensitive processes within the subsurface as a result of the complex subsurface flow paths and the transport-limited availability of electron acceptors and donors. Formation of hot spots was simulated for all key reduction processes including iron(III)-/sulfate reduction and denitrification as well as for the corresponding re-oxidation processes. These results offer a new perspective on hydrologically controlled biogeochemical transformation processes in riparian wetlands, which provides a dynamic framework to explain process heterogeneity in wetland soils and variability in process rates over space and time. Findings from this thesis clearly prove how useful interdisciplinary approaches are in understanding processes and mechanisms in ecosystems and how important functions of ecosystems are affected by couplings among those. However, a lot of knowledge gaps still exist in understanding the nature of dependency between water and nutrient cycles across scales and how these interacting cycles feed back into humanly-mediated climate change in ecosystems. Development of new interdisciplinary methodologies and frameworks as well as an integrated way of thinking across the boundaries of the different environmental disciplines is necessary to address the grand challenges associated with climate change. Sven Frei doctoralthesis http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/1189 Wed, 15 May 2013 10:21:39 +0200 http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/1162 Experiment documentation of the second joined Kobresia ecosystem experiment conducted by the Atmosphere-Ecology-Glaciology Cluster within DFG SPP 1372 (Tibetan Plateau)in Kema, Tibet, China. The report provides background information about the field side, conducted measurements and participants. Tobias Biermann report http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/1162 Tue, 07 May 2013 07:48:21 +0200 http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/1186 Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden verschiedene Aspekte untersucht, die im Zusammenhang mit photothermischen Effekten durch absorbierende Goldkollide in binären Polymerlösungen stehen. Dabei kamen neben den experimentellen Untersuchungen durch Hellfeld- und Phasenkontrastmikroskopie in Verbindung mit lokalen Laserheizungen und Methoden der CCD-Einzelteilchenverfolgung auch numerische Verfahren zur Lösung von Differentialgleichungen zum Einsatz. Das durch Absorption von Laserlicht erzeugte Temperaturfeld isolierter Goldnanopartikel wurde analytisch und die Abweichungen vom Idealfall eines unendlich ausgedehnten Mediums homogener Wärmeleitung mit Comsol für spezielle Geometrien und Grenzfälle berechnet. Nach diesen Untersuchungen in isothermen Systemen wurde dann die Käfigbildung um geheizte Goldkolloide in Polymerlösungen untersucht. Zur theoretischen Beschreibung des System Polystyrol/Toluol wurde der Soret-Koeffizient als Funktion der Konzentration, Molmasse und Temperatur parametrisiert. Dabei wurden neben Literaturwerten für die Molmassenabhängigkeit auch eigene Messungen der Transportkoeffizienten für die Temperatur- und Konzentrationsabhängigkeit verwendet. Die Parametrisierung des Soret-Koeffizienten reproduziert in den essentiellen Grenzfällen großer und kleiner Konzentrationen die erwarteten Skalengesetze und das Verschwinden der Molmassenabhängigkeit. Das durch den Soret-Effekt hervorgerufene Konzentrationsfeld konnte dann durch die numerische Integration der erweiterten Diffusionsgleichung berechnet werden. Aufgrund der komplexen Temperatur-, Konzentrations- und Molmassenabhängigkeit dieses Prozesses stehen die Selbstverstärkung und Schwächung der Konzentrationsabreicherung im Wettbewerb. Die Konzentration in der nahen Umgebung der Heizquelle kann, in Abhängigkeit von der Gleichgewichtskonzentration und der Molmasse, stark reduziert oder sogar auf praktisch Null reduziert werden. Die Konzentration für verschiedene Parameter wie Abstand, Molmasse und Oberflächentemperatur wurden berechnet und visualisiert. Der Soret-Koeffizient des Systems Pullulan/Wasser weist temperaturabhängig einen Nulldurchgang auf. Dadurch entstehen komplizierte Szenarien zur Strukturbildung. Das Konzentrationsfeld wurde numerisch berechnet und diskutiert. Im Gegensatz zum Konzentrationsfeld von PS/Toluol ist es für Pullulan/Wasser nicht mehr monoton, sondern zeigt neben eines starken Ausbleichens in der unmittelbaren Umgebung des Kolloids ein Konzentrationsmaximum oberhalb der Gleichgewichtskonzentration auf. Da die Dynamik eingebetteter Goldkolloide von der lokalen Viskosität abhängt, wurden zwei Szenarien im System PS/Toluol diskutiert: bei hohen Polymerkonzentrationen, wo die Lösung in die Nähe des Glasübergangs kommt, sorgen sowohl die Abreicherung des Polymers als auch die dadurch bedingte Vergrößerung des Abstandes zur Glastemperatur für eine Abnahme der Viskosität. Dieser Effekt ist mit einer abschwächenden Rückkopplung verbunden und die Polymerkonzentration auf der Teilchenoberfläche bleibt endlich, unabhängig von der Molmasse im Hochpolymer-Regime. Das zweite Szenario beschreibt die Viskosität von Lösungen mit langen Ketten im halb-verdünnten Bereich. Dort findet man Selbstverstärkung aufgrund des zunehmenden Soret-Koeffizienten und das Polymer kann auch schon für moderate Temperaturerhöhungen vollständig von der Oberfläche verdrängt werden. Es konnte weiterhin gezeigt werden, dass sich Goldnanopartikel als Markierungen eignen, um über ein einzelnes, geheiztes Kolloid thermooptisch induzierte Netzwerkdeformationen mittels Lichtmikroskopie sichtbar zu machen. Auf Zeitskalen des Experiments, in denen das verschlaufte, transiente Polymernetzwerk bestehen bleibt und die Kolloide daher in den Netzwerkmaschen praktisch immobil sind, kann durch Einzelteilchenverfolgung die Verschiebung der Kolloide mit dem Deformationsfeld des Netzwerkes korreliert werden. In realistischen Geometrien nimmt die Verschiebung aufgrund der Randbedingungen mit steigendem Abstand zwar (in erster Näherung linear) ab, bleibt aber langreichweitig. Die Modellierung dieser Geometrie erfolgte über die Vorstellung zweier impermeabler konzentrischer Kugeln. Trotz dieses recht einfachen Modells konnte eine gute Übereinstimmung zwischen Messung und numerisch berechneten Verschiebungen gefunden werden. Florian Schwaiger doctoralthesis http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/1186 Fri, 03 May 2013 10:12:24 +0200 http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/1134 This study investigates the impact of the re-implementation of Sharia on the education of Muslim women between 1999 and 2007, in four states in northern Nigeria namely, Zamfara, Kano, Bauchi and Kaduna. The study fills the research gap in the description of the status of women with respect to education under the Sharia dispensation re-introduced in 1999. Before this era, scholarly works have documented the state of female education in northern Nigeria; however, none deals directly with post re-implementation and its impact on Muslim women’s education. This period is particularly interesting because it coincides with the return of the country to democratic rule after a string of military rules. Using interviews with Sharia proponents, school administrators, women and reports from Sharia Commissions in these states, the work establishes that while Zamfara and Kano States underwent transformations in the educational sector as a result of the programs introduced by the Sharia governments, the changes in the educational domain in Bauchi and Kaduna were exceedingly triggered by the return of democracy in Nigeria after decades of military rule. The results arrived at in this study reveal interesting facets of the relationship between Sharia and the education of Muslim women. The research shows that proponents of Sharia used the premise (also supported by verses from the Qur’an and Prophet Mohammed’s teachings) that education is an important part of Islam to which both males and females have equal rights, to sell the Islamic-based educational programs introduced by the Sharia regime. Using religion to promote these programs, the predominantly male Sharia bodies, mitigate the often tough cultural practices and religious dogmas that have prevented women from having full access to formal, western education. However, the type of education offered to women under these Sharia programs is a hybrid of formal education and Islamic education which pays strict attention to such cultural and religious practices like the wearing of the hijab, the separation of males and females in schools, the teaching of practical, home craft skills such as knitting and baking to the women. So, instead of the education taking women out of the home domain in which they have been restricted in the past, it rather further maintains them while providing them access to formal education which they will hardly use in any public career. Chikas Danfulani doctoralthesis http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/1134 Tue, 30 Apr 2013 10:38:02 +0200 http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/1157 This thesis is focused on the crystallization-induced structure formation of polyethylene containing triblock terpolymers in organic solvents to surface-compartmentalized worm-like crystalline-core micelles (wCCMs). Obtaining profound knowledge of the parameters controlling the self-assembly process allowed the production of a variety of complex one-dimensional micellar architectures with many potential applications, such as adaptive surfactants. At first, the basic parameters that control the crystallization-induced self-assembly were explored using symmetric polystyrene-block-polyethylene-block-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PS-b-PE-b-PMMA) triblock terpolymers and a PS-b-PE-b-PS triblock copolymer. In good solvents for the PE block, e.g. THF and toluene, the selective formation of wCCMs was observed over a wide range of concentration, applied crystallization temperature and polymer composition. Whereas wCCMs produced by PS-b-PE-b-PS showed a homogeneous PS corona, a patch-like compartmentalization of the corona was observed if the micelles were formed by PS-b-PE-b-PMMA. As THF shows equal solvent quality for both corona blocks, wCCMs with almost alternating PS and PMMA compartments of about 15 nm were observed in this solvent. However, if structure formation was conducted in bad solvents for PE, such as dioxane or dimethylacetamide, spherical micelles with amorphous PE cores were formed already before crystallization. Hence, the subsequent crystallization of PE resulted in spherical CCMs with a patchy or a homogeneous corona depending on the used triblock. These findings allow the highly selective production of stable spherical or worm-like CCMs from the same polymer. As the corona structure of the patchy micelles self-assembled from triblock terpolymers was mainly deduced from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) performed on dried samples, a small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) study was performed in order to elucidate the morphology in solution. Therefore a partly deuterated triblock terpolymer was synthesized and measured at different contrasts to allow the selective detection of the different corona compartments. The resulting SANS curves could be interpreted using a form factor model for core-shell cylinders with alternating PS and PMMA hemishells including interparticle interactions, thus validating the TEM observations. Notably, Janus-type and patchy cylinders can be clearly distinguished using the applied form factor model. Moreover, the controlled formation of wCCMs with tunable corona composition and structure was achieved using the cocrystallization of different triblock copolymers. Via random cocrystallization of PS-b-PE-b-PMMA and PS-b-PE-b-PS the corona morphology could be tuned continuously from a mixed corona at low PMMA content over spherical PMMA patches of increasing number and size to alternating PS and PMMA patches. This approach allows to manufacture wCCMs with predefined corona structure omitting the need to synthesize a new tailor-made triblock terpolymer for every desired morphology. By establishing the controlled crystallization-driven self-assembly of triblock terpolymers with PE middle blocks, it was further possible to prepare wCCMs with predefined average lengths up to 500 nm and length polydispersities as low as Lw/Ln = 1.1. Here, self-assembled spherical CCMs of PS-b-PE-b-PS were used as seeds for the controlled growth of PS-b-PE-b-PS unimers. Upon further addition of PS-b-PE-b-PMMA unimers these grew epitaxially onto the preexisting wCCMs, resulting in triblock co-micelles that consisted of middle blocks with a homogeneous PS corona and outer blocks with alternating PS/PMMA compartments. These structures represent not only the first block co-micelles including blocks with a patchy corona, but also the first ones produced from purely organic block copolymers. In view of application, the ability of patchy wCCMs formed by PS-b-PE-b-PMMA to stabilize interfaces was investigated using pendant-drop tensiometry. The observed reduction of the interfacial tension at the toluene/water interface was significantly higher than that of comparable triblock terpolymer single chains and that of wCCMs with a homogeneous PS corona. Interestingly, the obtained equilibrium interfacial tension equaled that of Janus cylinders with similar dimensions. To explain this unexpected finding the corona chains were proposed to adapt to the interface via selective collapse and shielding of the incompatible part of the corona chains. Studying wCCMs formed by several triblock terpolymers with different compositions, the interfacial activity was found to increase with increasing overall length of the corona chains, and to a certain extent with the molar fraction of PS units in the corona. Joachim Schmelz doctoralthesis http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/1157 Fri, 26 Apr 2013 10:49:07 +0200 http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/1152 Robert Wilson ist ein Theaterkünstler, der etwas geschafft hat, was eine Seltenheit in der Welt des Theaters ist: Er ist – und das lässt sich ohne Übertreibung konstatieren – ein internationaler Superstar, der nicht nur weltweit bekannt ist, sondern der es darüber hinaus vermag, sowohl eine breite Masse an Theaterpublikum zu bedienen als auch ein ebenso weites Feld an wissenschaftlicher Diskussion anzuregen. Wer es sich als Intendant finanziell erlauben kann, Robert Wilson und sein Team – keine seiner Arbeiten wäre denkbar ohne die Unterstützung seiner ihm treu ergebenen Mitarbeiter – für eine Produktion oder auch nur ein Gastspiel zu engagieren, kann davon ausgehen, dass er, zumindest was diese Vorstellungsabende angeht, keine Probleme mit der Auslastung haben wird. [...] Ulrike Hartung article http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/1152 Tue, 23 Apr 2013 12:00:58 +0200 http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/1151 In vielen Geschichten des deutschen Films steht der Schlagerfilm als lebendiger Beweis für das Zurücktreten jedweden ästhetischen Anspruchs, den Film erfüllen könnte. Stattdessen trete ein flaches Unterhaltungskonzept in den Vordergrund, durchsetzt mit restaurativen Elementen, ablenkend von den Realitäten der Zeit, eskapistischen Neigungen eines kleinbürgerlichen Publikums Vorschub leistend. Es besteht allerdings kein Zweifel daran, dass der Schlagerfilm eines der größten und erfolgreichsten Genres der deutschen Filmproduktion der 1950er bis Mitte der 1970er Jahre gewesen ist. Und doch ist eine Untersuchung des mehrere hundert Filme umfassenden Korpus bis heute ausgeblieben1. Schulz' Kölner Dissertation aus dem Jahre 2011 betritt also Neuland, allein der Mut, sich der so missachteten Gattung anzunehmen, verdient Respekt. Hans J. Wulff article http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/1151 Tue, 23 Apr 2013 12:00:42 +0200 http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/1150 This article is a reflection on silent sound art, exemplified here by the works of Peter Ablinger and Akio Suzuki, in the context of a partially historical con-sideration of the participatory subject in Installation Art, with a primary focus on artistic movements and selected works from the late 1950s to the early 1970s by John Cage, George Brecht, and La Monte Young. Elen Flügge article http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/1150 Tue, 23 Apr 2013 12:00:22 +0200 http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/1149 One feature that defines sound installation as a genre is the participation of the user. Upon entering the space of a work, the user assumes an active role. Thereby the work takes on a theatrical and formative dimension: an art initially defined through space reveals its temporality. This essay analyzes the theatrical dimension, that is, the "modal structure," of works up to 1967, the first period of the sound installation genre. Both interactive and non-interactive works are considered. The analysis shows various models of theatricality for the first years of the genre, during which a diversity of origins and genealogy is reflected. What is common to these experiments is that they seek to involve the viewers, a strategy whose roots lie in the aesthetics and experiments of the first half of the twentieth century, but which since 1955 has become conspicuous. Giacomo Albert article http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/1149 Tue, 23 Apr 2013 11:59:59 +0200 http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/1148 sounding D ist ein Klangkunstprojekt, das 2010 vom Netzwerk Neue Musik realisiert wurde. Die Arbeit zeichnet sich durch ihren speziellen Charakter von Ortsbestimmtheit aus. Der Klangzug sounding D, angelehnt an John Cages Il treno (1978), fuhr zwei Wochen durch Deutschland und richtete an 15 Stationen Zwischenstopps ein. In jedem Ort, dem per se eine individuelle Klanglichkeit anhaftet, wurden zahlreiche Klangkunstarbeiten oder Musikperformances organisiert. Die im Inneren des Zuges befindliche Klanginstallation Outside In (Blue) von Robin Minard und der während der Fahrt topografisch erschlossene Raum Deutschlands riefen spannende Wechselbeziehungen hervor. Das Ergebnis ist eine Kartografie der zeitgenössischen Musikszene in Deutschland. Barbara Barthelmes article http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/1148 Tue, 23 Apr 2013 11:59:43 +0200 http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/1147 Während der Beschäftigung mit den Texten aus der aktuellen Ausgabe unserer Zeitschrift formulierten sich einige Fragen stetig neu: Wie beispielsweise lassen sich die Begriffe der Ars acustica, Audio Art und Klangkunst voneinander trennen? Worin liegen ihre Überschneidungen und welche Synergieeffekte werden durch die Kombination der wesentlichen Bestandteile – nämlich bildnerisch-künstlerischer und akustischer Elemente – in den entsprechen den Kunstwerken erzeugt? In welchem Verhältnis steht Werk und Aufführung, wenn die Entgrenzung der Künste Programm wird? Sarah Mauksch; Wolf-Dieter Ernst article http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/1147 Tue, 23 Apr 2013 11:59:26 +0200 http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/1143 The possibility to reliably observe the exchange of heat and moisture between the land surface and the atmosphere is vital to our understanding of the regional and global cycling of energy and water. While ground-based flux measurements can be made continuously for long periods, they only represent a small landscape unit. On the other hand, aircraft-based measurements have the ability to directly measure the exchange over large areas. Especially over heterogeneous landscapes the spatio-temporal characteristics of both approaches complement each other. However, complex terrestrial ecosystems are sparsely investigated to date, in particular over topographically structured terrain. This can be attributed to; (i) limitations in the description of boundary layer processes over non-homogenous terrain, and (ii) a lack of applicable measurement platforms and techniques to study these processes. In pursue of a resolution strategy, this dissertation investigates the applicability of weight-shift microlight aircraft (WSMA) to gain new insights in the spatial variability of heat and moisture exchange over complex terrain. WSMA are comparatively cheap in procurement and maintenance, and their unique structure provides exceptional transportability and climb rate. These structural features qualify the WSMA for terrain-following flight over complex and inaccessible terrain, but potentially influence measurements aboard the aircraft. In this dissertation a WSMA with a scientific payload enabling fast measurements of the 3D wind, temperature, water vapor concentration, position, and the radiative flux is used to; (i) Quantify the WSMA wind measurement uncertainty. A novel time-domain procedure is developed, which improves the accuracy of the WSMA wind measurement by 63% for the horizontal- and 72% for the vertical wind components. The resulting precisions are ±0.09 m s−1 and ±0.04 m s−1, and the agreement with ground-based measurements is in the order of ±0.4 m s−1 and ±0.3 m s−1 (root mean square deviation), respectively. (ii) Quantify the WSMA eddy-covariance flux measurement uncertainty. From uncertainty propagation the smallest resolvable changes in friction velocity (0.02 m s−1), and sensible- (5 W m−2) and latent (3 W m−2) heat flux are estimated. In comparison to tower measurements, the WSMA observes higher fluxes (17–21%). The differences are not statistically significant, and can be explained by the tower setup and non-propagating eddies. (iii) Spatially resolve and regionalize the heat and moisture exchange above a complex landscape. Wavelet decomposition of the turbulence data is used to yield a flux observation each 90 m along the flight path. For each flux observation the biophysical surface properties in the flux footprint are determined. An environmental response function between the flux observations and biophysical and meteorological drivers is then inferred using a machine learning technique. This function is used to produce regional maps of the heat and moisture exchange to an accuracy of ≤18% and a precision of ≤5% for individual land covers. Hence this dissertation provides the necessary basis for using WSMA to investigate the mechanisms of turbulent exchange over heterogeneous and topographically structured terrain. Moreover, the developed algorithms are generally applicable to (i) partitioning flux uncertainty and environmental variability, (ii) extrapolating flux measurements, (iii) assessing the spatial representativeness of long-term tower flux measurements, and (iv) designing, constraining and evaluating flux algorithms for remote sensing and numerical modeling applications. Stefan Metzger doctoralthesis http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/1143 Thu, 18 Apr 2013 09:11:09 +0200 http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/1139 no abstract Tobias Gerken; Kathrin Fuchs; Wolfgang Babel report http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/1139 Tue, 16 Apr 2013 13:21:46 +0200 http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/1138 Copper (Cu) is one of the metals contaminating European fresh water ecosystems. Filter feeding bivalves have high bioaccumulation potential for transition metals as Cu. While copper is an essential micronutrient for living organisms, it causes serious metabolic and physiological impairments when in excess. The objectives of this thesis are to get knowledge on toxic effects and detoxification mechanisms of copper in Anodonta cygnea and Anodonta anatina, two mussel species widely distributed in continental waters. Because Ca plays a fundamental role in shell formation and in numerous biological processes, Cu2+ effects on cellular plasma membrane calcium transport were studied first. In the second step, the investigations focused on Cu2+ detoxification mechanism involving cysteine (Cys) rich compounds known to play a major role in homeostasis of essential trace metals and in cellular metal detoxification. Under our experimental conditions, copper inhibition of Ca2+-ATPase activity was observed in the gills and the kidneys, and inhibition of Na+/K+-ATPase in the gills and the digestive gland (DG) upon 4 d of exposure to 0.35 micro mol/L Cu2+. At day 7 of exposure to environmental Cu2+ concentrations total recoveries was observed in the kidneys and the gills for Ca2+-ATPase activity, and in the DG for Na+/K+-ATPase, but not at high doses. Ca and Na transport inhibition may entail disturbance of osmo-regulation and lead to continuous under-supply of Ca. Recoveries of Na+/K+-ATPase and Ca2+-ATPase enzymes function suggest that metal-detoxification is induced. Phytochelatins (PC) are Cys-rich oligopeptides synthesised by phytochelatin synthase from glutathione in plants and fungi. Phytochelatin synthase genes have recently been identified in invertebrates; this allows us to hypothesize a role of PC in metal detoxification in animals. In the second part of this work, PC and their precursors as well as metallothionein were analyzed in the gills and in the DG of Anodonta cygnea exposed to Cu2+. Our results showed for the first time the presence of PC2-4 in invertebrates. PC were detected in control mussels not exposed to metal, suggesting a role in essential metal homeostasis. Compared to control, PC2 induction was observed during the first 12 h of Cu2+ exposure. Those results confirm the role of PC as a first line detoxification mechanism in A. cygnea. Olivier Santini doctoralthesis http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/1138 Fri, 12 Apr 2013 11:50:32 +0200 http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/1127 Die Stärkung des Umweltbewusstseins in der Bevölkerung ist heute notwendiger denn je. Um Umweltprobleme zu lösen und vorzubeugen, soll adäquate Umweltbildung unter anderem darauf abzielen, Motivation, Einstellungen und Wissen für den Schutz und Erhalt der natürlichen Umwelt zu fördern (IUCN, UNEP & WWF, 1991; Potter, 2010). Naturverbundenheit stellt eine wichtige Motivation für den Umweltschutz dar und wird durch direktes, affektives Naturerleben gestärkt (z.B. Kaiser, Roczen & Bogner, 2008; Davis, Green & Reed, 2009). Diese Verbundenheit kann sich, ebenso wie Umwelteinstellungen, im Laufe des Lebens verändern, was sich wahrscheinlich auf die Effizienz von Umweltbildung bezüglich der unterschiedlichen Altersgruppen auswirkt (Bruni & Schultz, 2010; Ernst & Theimer, 2011). Frick und Kollegen (2004) gehen von drei kognitiven Wissensarten aus, die für ökologisch-nachhaltiges Handeln essentiell sind: System-, Handlungs- und Wirksamkeitswissen, welche bewusst in Bildungsaktionen integriert werden sollten. Bis heute ist nicht genau untersucht, wie sich Schüler/innen ungleichen Alters hinsichtlich ihrer Naturverbundenheitswerte und Umwelteinstellungen unterscheiden. Es ist ebenfalls unklar, ob Kinder und vorpubertäre Jugendliche durch Umweltbildung in den genannten Aspekten unterschiedlich beeinflusst werden, und ob ein erzielter Effekt über einen längeren Zeitraum nach einer Intervention bestehen bleibt. Eine systematische Integration der drei Umweltwissensarten in ein Umweltbildungsprojekt stellt eine zusätzliche Herausforderung dar, durch die eine Zunahme der spezifischen Umweltwissensarten und deren Konvergenz nachgewiesen werden kann. Aus diesem Grund befasst sich die vorliegende Studie zunächst mit dem Ist-Zustand der Naturverbundenheit und den Umwelteinstellungen von 9 bis 13-Jährigen. Anschließend wird der Effekt eines umfassenden viertägigen Umweltbildungsprogramms auf Naturverbundenheit, Umwelteinstellungen und Umweltwissen untersucht. Am Schullandheim-Projekt zum Thema „Wasser im Leben - Leben im Wasser“ nahmen rund 200 Schüler/innen teil. Die Naturverbundenheit wurde mit der INS-Skala ermittelt (Inclusion of Nature in Self; Schultz, 2002), die Umwelteinstellungen mit den Subskalen preservation und utilisation nach dem 2-MEV-Modell (Two Major Environmental Values; z.B. Bogner & Wiseman 2006) und die Wissensarten mit drei neu entwickelten Skalen. Alle Skalen waren in einem Fragebogen eingebettet, welcher als Vor-, Nach- und Behaltenstest eingesetzt wurde. Eine externe Kontrollgruppe, die nicht am Projekt teilnahm, füllte ausschließlich die Fragebögen aus. Die Ergebnisse zeigen für 9 bis 10-Jährige (Klasse 4) eine stärkere Naturverbundenheit und bessere Umwelteinstellungen als für 11 bis 13-Jährige (Klasse 6). Der Effekt des Umweltbildungsprojekts auf die Naturverbundenheit und Umwelteinstellungen ist bei den jüngeren Schüler/innen größer als bei den älteren. Beide Altersgruppen zeigen direkt nach der Teilnahme eine größere Naturverbundenheit, die jedoch nur bei den jüngeren Teilnehmer/innen auch über vier Wochen nach dem Projekt bestehen bleibt. Ein ähnliches Bild zeigt sich bezüglich der Umwelteinstellungen: Beide Einstellungen der jüngeren Schüler/innen verbessern sich durch die Programmteilnahme, jedoch bleibt nur preservation auch nach dem Projekt verbessert. Im Vergleich dazu zeigt die preservation-Einstellung der älteren Schüler/innen nur eine kurzfristige Verbesserung, die utilisation-Einstellung wurde nicht beeinflusst. Der Beginn der Pubertät bei den älteren Schüler/innen könnte der Grund für die geringere Naturverbun¬denheit und die ungünstigeren Umwelteinstellungen sein. Aufgrund ihres Alters streben die vorpubertären Schüler/innen wahrscheinlich bereits nach Unabhängigkeit und erleben emotionale Distanz zu anderen (Parra & Oliva, 2009; Steinberg & Silverberg, 1986) und möglicherweise auch zur Natur. Die neuen Skalen zur Messung der Umweltwissensarten erwiesen sich als reliabel und homogen. Das Umweltwissensniveau und die Wissenskonvergenz der Schüler/innen nehmen durch die Projektteilnahme zu und beide bleiben größtenteils über den Zeitraum von vier Wochen nach dem Projekt erhalten. Wirksamkeitswissen zeigt den geringsten Wissenszuwachs, was durch die hierarchische Abhängigkeit der Umweltwissensarten erklärt werden kann. Zusammenfassend war das viertägige Umweltbildungsprojekt bezüglich Naturverbundenheit, Umwelteinstellungen und Umweltwissen vor allem bei den 9 bis 10-jährigen Schüler/innen erfolgreich. Die Befunde werden abschließend bezüglich ihrer Herausforderungen für die Bildungsforschung und ihrer Konsequenzen für die schulische Umweltbildung beleuchtet. Anne K. Liefländer doctoralthesis http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/1127 Wed, 27 Mar 2013 09:22:53 +0100 http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/1130 This thesis addresses the question how to improve light harvesting with novel tailor-made metal-organic and organic sensitizers for solid-state hybrid solar cell applications. Two approaches are in the focus: 1) the design and synthesis of sensitizers featuring high extinction coefficients over a broad wavelength range and 2) modern device concepts to further enhance or extend the absorption by the combination of two sensitizers. In short: The primary goal was to broaden and boost the optical density of hybrid solar cells. To reach this, novel sensitizer with extended conjugated π-system providing excellent optical properties had to be designed and synthesised in complex multi-step reaction sequences. For ideal sensitizers, further aspects had to be taken into account such as structural demands, electronic properties, and the tendency towards aggregation. The first part of this thesis deals with the synthesis, characterisation and application of a series of metal-organic ruthenium(II) donor-antenna complexes. In addition to the typically broad absorption of Ru(II)bis(bipyridyl)(NCS)2 complexes in the blue-green region arising from MLCT, these dyes feature much higher extinction coefficients in comparison to a commercially available reference dye lacking any donor-antenna groups. By the application of these Ru(II) complexes in solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells, we found a clear structure-property relationship. The performance - especially the photocurrent density - was significantly improved with increasing extension of the delocalized system of the donor-antenna groups. To further boost the optical density in hybrid solar cells sensitized with a donor-antenna ruthenium dye (Ru-TPA-NCS), we developed an innovative and technically relevant concept for multichromophore sensitization involving a second sensitizer (TPD-dye). The latter absorbs in a region where Ru-TPA-NCS absorbs weakly. The solar cells were fabricated according to a novel method developed by us. However, the power conversion efficiencies of multichromophore hybrid blend solar cells were initially low due the weak interconnectivity of the TiO2 particles. This issue was addressed by an optimization of the TiO2:spiro-OMeTAD ratio and the addition of PCBM A further concept dealing with the combination of two sensitizers in solid-state dye-sensitized solar cell was accomplished by co-sensitization of a triphenyldiamine-based dye (TPD-dye) absorbing in the blue region and squaraine dye (SQ-dye) mainly absorbing the red part of the visible spectrum. In this way, the optical response of the device was extended up to 700 nm. Under optimized conditions, a conversion efficiency of 2.41 % could be reached. To accomplish the desired panchromaticity or even an extension of the absorption up to the NIR region with a single sensitizer, novel BODIPY dyes with excellent optical properties were designed and synthesised. We prepared BODIPYs with donor-groups to extend the delocalized system and integrated a meso-ethynyl bridge between the BODIPY core and the anchoring group to improve the electronic connection between them. For comparison, we synthesised the corresponding BODIPYs without donor-moieties and without ethynyl bridge. The multi-step synthetic routes were optimized, the mechanism of the donor-attachment was clarified and the introduction of the ethynylphenyl group in the meso-position was accomplished for the first time. The optical characterisation of the compounds disclosed an impressively broad and intensive spectral response, especially for a meso-ethynylphenyl BODIPY with donor-groups. This dye absorbs up to 1030 nm with high extinction coefficients. This makes suitable functionalised BODIPYs promising candidates for solar cell applications. The next part took advantage of the excellent optical properties of BODIPYs and expanded the topic towards the concept of energy transfer. Here, an unattached energy donor dye provides additional adsorption and transfers the energy to a sensitizing acceptor dye. Indeed, for appropriate combinations an additional contribution to the external quantum efficiency was found in the absorption region of the energy donor dye. Furthermore, a review chapter covering all aspects of dye-sensitized solar cells and the sensitizers is added as appendix. In summary, this thesis presents the successful design, synthesis and characterisation of both metal-organic and organic sensitizers including ruthenium complexes, triphenyldiamine-based dyes, a squaraine sensitizer and BODIPY dyes. The sensitizers (either individually or in combination with complementary sensitizers) provide excellent optical properties for the application in solar cells. The applicability of these sensitizers was successfully demonstrated in standard solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells, in newly developed multichromophore hybrid blend solar cells, co-sensitized solar cells and in solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells taking advantage of energy transfer. Katja Gräf doctoralthesis http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/1130 Tue, 26 Mar 2013 12:22:56 +0100 http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/1129 Seit der Entdeckung des Halbkreisgesetzes durch Wigner werden reell-symmetrische Zufallsmatrix-Ensembles untersucht. Soshnikov hat in einer bahnbrechenden Arbeit gezeigt, dass für Wigner-Ensembles $A_n=(\xi_\ij)_{1\le i\le j\le n}$ mit symmetrisch verteilten Einträgen die Verteilung des größten Eigenwerts in einer geeigneten Skalierung für $n\to\infty$ universelles Verhalten zeigt und schwach gegen die Tracy-Widom-Verteilung, die Verteilung des Gauß'schen orthogonalen Ensembles, konvergiert. Für den Beweis nutzt Soshnikov die Momentenmethode. Hierbei wird die Analyse der Verteilungsfunktion des größten Eigenwerts auf die Analyse von Erwartungswerten von Spuren hoher Matrixpotenzen zurückgeführt (die Exponenten wachsen mit $n^{2/3}$). Die Spuren werden via $\tr A_n^{p_n}=\sum_{(i_0,\ldots,i_{p-1})\in[n]^p}\xi_{i_0,i_1}\xi_{i_1,i_2}\ldots\xi_{i_{p-1},i_0}$ als Summe über geschlossene Pfade kombinatorisch interpretiert. In der Analyse gilt es herauszufinden, welche Klassen von Pfaden (die mit den Momenten der Matrixeinträge in Verbindung stehen) die Spuren in der Asymptotik $n\to\infty$ dominieren. Es stellt sich heraus das dies Pfade sind, die jede ihrer Kanten genau zweimal durchlaufen. Das bedeutet, dass die Spuren asymptotisch nur von den für alle Matrixeinträge gleichen zweiten Momenten abhängen, sie sind also asymptotisch für alle betrachteten Ensembles universell. Diese Methode wird in der vorliegenden Arbeit auf Wigner-Ensembles mit nicht notwendig symmetrischen Verteilungen der Einträge erweitert. Die Kombinatorik ist in diesem Fall komplexer. Resultat der Arbeit ist, dass die Methode von Soshnikov funktioniert, wenn folgende Bedingungen erfüllt sind: die ersten und dritten Momente der Einträge sind~0 für die 97.\ Momente existiert eine in~$n$ gleichmäßige Schranke. Felix Grimme doctoralthesis http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/1129 Mon, 25 Mar 2013 11:11:34 +0100 http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/1115 In Nordamerika existiert mit den Disziplinen „Information Systems“ und „Computer Science“ eine ähnliche Dualität wie im deutschen Sprachraum mit den Disziplinen „Wirtschaftsinformatik“ und „Informatik“. Nachfolgend wird anhand einer Stellenmarktanalyse versucht,Anhaltspunkte zu gewinnen, (a.) welche Entwicklungsdynamik diese beiden Disziplinen in einer Marktumgebung aufweisen und (b.) welche prinzipiellen Betätigungsmöglichkeiten sich für den akademischen Nachwuchs im deutschsprachigen Raum im nordamerikanischen Ausland eröffnen. Armin Heinzl workingpaper http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/1115 Mon, 25 Mar 2013 08:36:47 +0100 http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/1116 Fünf Jahre nach einer ersten entsprechenden Untersuchung wurde 1999 eine Delphi-Studie durchgeführt, die nach den zentralen Erkenntniszielen der Wirtschaftsinformatik in einem Drei- und Zehnjahreszeitraum fragte, damit diese sich im Wettbewerb mit den Nachbardisziplinen Wirtschaftswissenschaften und Informatik behaupten kann. Der vorliegende Beitrag beschreibt den Hintergrund dieser Arbeit, die zu Grunde liegende Methodik sowie die wichtigsten Ergebnisse, auch im Vergleich zu den Resultaten aus dem Jahr 1994. Armin Heinzl workingpaper http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/1116 Mon, 25 Mar 2013 08:19:46 +0100 http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/1117 In der vorliegende Arbeit wird eine Konzeption für ein Koordinationsverfahren zur dezentralen Ablaufplanung in medizinischen Behandlungspfaden (MedPaCo) entwickelt. Hierzu werden die ablaufplanerisch relevanten Eigenschaften von Krankenhausprozessen analysiert und ein Überblick über die wesentlichen Beiträge zur dezentralen Planung in Krankenhäusern gegeben. Im Anschluß daran wird die Architektur von MedPaCo beschrieben. Basierend auf einem Multiagentensystem greift MedPaCo das Konzept der marktwirtschaftlichen Koordination auf. Hierbei werden die Patienten und Funktionsbereiche im Krankenhaus durch Patienten- und Ressourcenagenten repräsentiert, die über eigene Ziele und Restriktionen verfügen. Danach wird der Koordinationsablauf dargestellt und an einem Beispiel illustriert. Zum Schluß wird eine erste Würdigung von MedPaCo vorgenommen und auf offene Probleme eingegangen. Torsten O. Paulussen; Franz Rothlauf; Armin Heinzl workingpaper http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/1117 Mon, 25 Mar 2013 08:09:09 +0100 http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/1118 Der Beitrag beinhaltet die Entwicklung eines theoretischen Bezugsrahmens zur Erklärung des Phänomens des Outsourcing von Teilfunktionen der Informationsverarbeitung. Auf Basis einer systematischen Analyse von Theorien der Unternehmung werden die Transaktionskostentheorie,die Resource-based Theory und die Power Theory als geeignete Erklärungsansätze herausgearbeitet. Aus ihnen werden Propositionen bezüglich der Einflußfaktoren des Outsourcing der Informationsverarbeitung abgeleitet und zu einem multitheoretischen Kontingenzmodell zusammengeführt. Dieses dient als Ausgangspunkt einer konfirmatorischen empirischen Untersuchung. Armin Heinzl; Jens Dibbern; Wolfgang Güttler workingpaper http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/1118 Fri, 22 Mar 2013 12:40:24 +0100 http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/1125 Nitrous acid (HONO) is an important precursor of OH radicals, which are the key oxidizing species in the atmosphere and are therefore called the detergent of the atmosphere. Despite the importance of HONO for atmospheric chemistry and about 30 years of detailed research the exact formation mechanisms of both day- and night-time formation remain unclear. The main formation pathways discussed to date are heterogeneous reactions with nitrogen dioxide as the HONO precursor or microbiological activity in soil. As the ground surface is a major source of HONO, the vertical distribution of HONO is very sensitive to the extent of vertical mixing. Additionally, some uncertainty in comparing laboratory and field measurements might be caused by the not yet clarified role of relative humidity and surface wetness on HONO formation and deposition, respectively. These influences have been investigated in field measurements in the present study. For HONO measurements, LOng Path Absorption Photometers (LOPAPs) have been deployed. During the Diel Oxidant Mechanism In relation to Nitrogen Oxides (DOMINO) campaign, HONO and other reactive trace gases were measured above a pine forest in south west Spain. In line with all recently published work, this study also found a substantial daytime formation of HONO. This so-called additional daytime source or unknown source was found to be slightly correlated (r² = 0.16) with actinic flux. Normalizing this unknown source to nitrogen dioxide mixing ratios improved the correlation (r² = 0.38), which indicates an influence of nitrogen dioxide availability. The coefficient of determination improved further to 0.47 by restricting the data to clear days and rejecting data from advection events. Thus, a fraction of the unknown source might be explained by light-induced nitrogen dioxide conversion but other factors have to be taken into account. Two processes of light-induced nitrogen dioxide conversion, proposed by recent laboratory studies, were shown to be negligible for the semirural conditions during our study. HONO photolysis was found to be the most important primary OH-radical source during DOMINO, contributing 20 % more OH than ozone photolysis integrated over the day. Vertical exchange of HONO was studied at the “Waldstein-Weidenbrunnen” field site of the University of Bayreuth in the Fichtelgebirge Mountains in south east Germany. The simultaneous HONO measurements in and above a forest canopy highlighted the importance of turbulent exchange for the vertical distribution of HONO mixing ratios. The so-called coupling regimes of the forest (with the air layers above) were found to be a very useful micrometeorological concept to study vertical differences of mixing ratios in a forest. They denote which parts of the forest are coupled to the air layer above the canopy and thus take part in turbulent exchange of energy and matter. With this coupling tool it was possible to explain vertical mixing ratio differences by different sources and sinks and the magnitude of the difference by the intensity of vertical exchange. Studying the vertical mixing ratio differences of HONO, an unexpected result was that during late morning and around noon they were close to zero. As the lifetime of HONO below canopy of about 250 to 300 min was a factor of 25 to 30 longer than that above canopy of about 10 min, large mixing ratio differences would have been expected. The lack of these differences could be explained by efficient vertical mixing, which was indicated by a full coupling of the forest or a coupling by sweeps and only intermittent decoupling of the subcanopy during these periods. Around sunset, the whole forest became decoupled from the air layers above. This caused a steep increase in mixing ratio differences up to about 170 ppt due to a faster increase below canopy, indicating local formation below the canopy. HONO and RH are correlated due to their diurnal cycles which are mainly caused by radiation. This diurnal contribution has to be removed from the respective signals in order to extract correlations on other timescales. Singular System Analysis, a tool for time series analysis, has been applied successfully to remove diurnal variations and long-term trends from the HONO and RH time series. Correlations of the higher frequency contributions of the remaining signals were poor but slightly positive. The HONO mixing ratios increase exponentially with RH from about 25 % RH to about 70 % RH. No clear correlation was found between around 70 and 95 % RH. Above 95 % RH, HONO mixing ratios decreased due to HONO uptake in droplets and liquid films. These features are in line with previously proposed mechanisms for interactions of water and HONO on surfaces. The study highlighted the need to assess turbulent transport and surface properties in addition to chemistry for understanding the heterogeneous reactions and processes forming HONO. Matthias Sörgel doctoralthesis http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/1125 Fri, 22 Mar 2013 10:48:27 +0100 http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/1124 This thesis is the result of a collaboration with a German fashion retailer which lasted for several years. The aim was the development of a decision-support system for the supply of the about 1300 branches in Germany. There are some specialties about the situation at our industrial partner: The branches are supplied by prepackaged size-assortments of a product which we call lot-types. With the objective to economize handling cost, these lot-types are already composed at the respective low-wage country where the article is also produced. The expense at the German central warehouse is further reduced by allowing only four or five different lot-types for the delivery of one product. Moreover, each branch is supplied by a certain quantity of a single lot-type. For the most fashion articles replenishment is not possible. The sales success of a product is a priori unknown. Historical sales data can only be used on a higher aggregation level, e.g., the average historical demand on the commodity group level. Demand estimation is therefore very vague. Under- and oversupplies are unavoidable. Influence over the sales process is possible by marking down prices. To compensate for an oversupply of a product, weekly the price can be reduced to predefined price steps which depend on the starting price of the product. Mark-downs for an article are performed simultaneously for all branches and sizes. Within the cooperation mathematical problem formulations with the aim to minimize measures for the deviation of supply from estimated demand had been developed. In these measures the selling process is not or only very vaguely regarded. Now we include the possibility of marking down prices during the selling time already when deciding on the supply. The result is the two-stage stochastic program ISPO: The so-called first stage decision is the determination of a supply policy. The second stage decision, or recourse, is the decision on mark-downs during the selling time. ISPO yields an expected revenue maximizing supply strategy and corresponding optimal mark-down strategies for the considered scenarios. ISPO it too complex to solve it via standard approaches. Customized methods had to be devised to solve ISPO. On the one side we present an exact solver for benchmarking. On the other side a fast heuristic was developed for practical use at our partner. The basic idea of our exact solver is to enumerate all possible mark-down strategies. With this it is possible to reduce ISPO to a former formulation for the optimization of supply, which can be solved via standard approaches. In practice enumeration of all valid mark-down strategies for the purpose of solving ISPO is for reasons of time impossible. Therefore the idea is extended to a customized Branch&Bound approach. In this context we derived dual bounds for general two-stage stochastic programs which are based on the so-called wait-and-see solution from stochastic programming. We show that in general our bounds are tighter. The heuristic, beginning with a valid second stage decision, determines an optimal first stage decision and alternates between solving the first stage and the second stage until convergence is reached. The optimality gap is small enough to justify a practical use at the industrial partner. In practice the by ISPO proposed mark-down strategies are not applied; instead latest sales figures are exploited. According to these and an updated demand estimation weekly a new optimal mark-down strategy for the remaining selling time of the product is determined. For this purpose we propose an algorithm which relies on dynamic programming and tries to exclude non-optimal solutions a priori by dominance checks. ISPO, more precisely our heuristic approach, together with the weekly adaption of the mark-down strategy forms our decision support system for integrated size and price optimization DISPO. We tested DISPO in a five-month field study, performed as a statistical experiment, at our partner where pairs of similar branches were compared. At one branch of each pair, the test branch, supply and mark-down decisions came from ISPO. With respect to latest sales figures the mark-down decisions were weekly updated via our dynamic programming approach. At the other branch, the control branch, these decisions were not integrated: Supply was determined according to a strategy resulting from a former model that disregarded the selling process and mark-downs were handled manually by our partner. For the branches at which the decisions of ISPO were implemented an average raise of 1.5 percentage points of relative revenue was observed. Miriam Kießling doctoralthesis http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/1124 Fri, 22 Mar 2013 10:23:35 +0100 http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/1119 In dem vorliegenden Beitrag werden aus der Transaktionskostentheorie, der „Resource-based Theory“ und der „Power Theory“ Determinanten des Outsourcing der IV abgeleitet und zu einem theoretischen Bezugsrahmen zusammengefasst. Dieser wird anhand von 34 mittelständischen Unternehmen einem Test unterzogen. Armin Heinzl; Jens Dibbern workingpaper http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/1119 Wed, 20 Mar 2013 12:45:53 +0100